PAINKILLER EASES EMOTIONAL PAIN TOO

A University of Florida researcher says acetaminophen, an ingredient in the popular over-the-counter pain reliever, may relieve social pain from hurt feelings. The findings suggest for the first time that emotional and physical pain are interrelated, said Gregory Webster, a UF psychologist who co-authored the study with a team of researchers.




"We think that social pain piggybacks onto physical pain and the two systems sort of bleed into each other, so that just as you feel emotional distress from physical pain, the social pain of having a romance breakup or getting a horrible grade can translate into feeling sick to your stomach or getting a bad headache," he said.



In the study, to be published in the journal Psychological Science and available online, people who took acetaminophen daily for three weeks reported less emotional suffering over time and showed less activity in regions of the brain previously shown to respond to social rejection than those who took the placebo, Webster said.



"Even so," Webster said, "we don't want to tell people to go take Tylenol to cope with their personal problems until more research is done."



The findings have the potential for acetaminophen to be used eventually to treat minor social pains instead of more powerful drugs, Webster said. Acetaminophen may also show promise in curtailing antisocial behavior, Webster said. Because research has found that being rejected triggers aggression, using acetaminophen to alleviate emotional distress could reduce the likelihood of destructive actions, he said.



"The fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) results from our study show that acetaminophen diminished reactivity in regions of the brain that have been linked to emotional processing, which helps regulate aggression," he said.



The study's participants received functional magnetic resonance imaging during a computerized game of cyberball, which simulated social rejection. Each participant, accustomed to passing a ball with two computerized images of people who were ostensibly other participants, was suddenly excluded from the exchange as the others pass it back and forth, he said.

"They were not given a reason why, which made it frustrating, which is exactly what we wanted to do," Webster said. "We wanted to give them this feeling of being socially ostracized."



By random assignment, nearly half the participants, 24 women and six men, took a 500-mg pill of acetaminophen immediately after waking up each day and another 500-mg pill one hour before going to sleep, while 24 women and eight men took a placebo. Each night the participants filled out a survey to assess their level of hurt feelings during the day.



Throughout the three weeks, those who took acetaminophen reported significantly fewer hurt feelings on average than participants in the placebo group, Webster said. In addition, they showed much less activity in areas of the brain linked with emotional feelings, such as hurt and rejection, he said.



"The possibility of this link between physical and social pain systems is exciting because we live in a dualistic society where people see the mind and body as being very separate," Webster said. "In terms of public policy, it may indirectly support the notion that we should treat mental health issues the same way we treat physical health issues instead of having separate systems for the two."



The connection of mind and body to the extent that pain in one sphere can be transferred at least indirectly to another may have provided an evolutionary edge to our ancestors, he said.



Because humans have an extended infancy compared with many other animals in which they are unable to defend or feed themselves, developing social connections from an early age was crucial, Webster said. As a result, humans' social attachment system may have developed by piggybacking onto the physical pain system and becoming an outgrowth of it in order to promote survival, he said.



"Our findings have important implications because social exclusion is such a common part of life," he said. "People can feel ostracized at work, snubbed by friends, excluded by their partners or slighted in any number of situations."



Source: University of Florida



Copyright: Medical News Today

Enlarged Adenoids

Often, tonsils and adenoids are surgically removed at the same time. Although you can see your tonsils by taking a mirror and looking in your throat, adenoids aren't directly visible. A doctor has to use a small mirror or a special scope to get a peek at your adenoids.

So, what are adenoids exactly? They're a mass of tissue, located in the passage that connects the back of the nasal cavity to the throat. Adenoids — which are also called nasopharyngeal tonsilsbut are separate from the tonsils in the throat — filter out bacteria and viruses entering through the nose and produce antibodies to help the body fight infections.

Some doctors believe that adenoids may not be important at all after you reach your third birthday. In fact, adenoids usually shrink after about 5 years of age, and they often practically disappear by the time you're a teen.

What Are the Symptoms of Enlarged Adenoids?

Because adenoids trap germs that enter the body, adenoid tissue sometimes temporarily swells as it tries to fight off an infection.

Symptoms associated with enlarged adenoids include:

• difficulty breathing through the nose
• breathing through the mouth
• talking as if the nostrils are pinched
• breathing noisily
• snoring
• stopping breathing for a few seconds while sleeping (called sleep apnea)

If your doctor thinks you have enlarged adenoids, he or she might:

• ask you how things feel in your ears, nose, and throat, and then examine these
• listen to your breathing by using a stethoscope
• feel your neck near your jaw

To get a really close look at things, your doctor may even want to take one or more X-rays. If an infection is suspected, your doctor may prescribe oral antibiotics or maybe an injection of penicillin.

When Is Surgery Necessary?

A doctor may recommend surgical removal of enlarged or infected adenoids if they're bothersome and medicine doesn't prevent them from coming back (this procedure is called anadenoidectomy).

Surgery may be recommended if a person experiences one or more of the following:

• difficulty breathing
• sleep apnea
• recurrent infections

Having adenoids removed is especially important when repeated infections lead to sinus and ear infections. Badly swollen adenoids can interfere with ear pressure and fluid movement, which can sometimes lead to hearing loss. Therefore, people whose infected adenoids cause frequent earaches and fluid buildup may need to get an adenoidectomy as well as ear tube surgery.

And although adenoids can be taken out without the tonsils, if you are having tonsil problems, the tonsils may need to be removed at the same time.

What Happens During the Surgery?

During an adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy:

• The patient receives general anesthesia. This means the surgery will be performed in an operating room and monitored by an anesthesiologist, a doctor who specializes in administering drugs to patients during surgery.
• The patient will be asleep for about 20 minutes.
• The surgeon can get to the tonsils and/or the adenoids through the patient 's open mouth — there's no need to cut any skin.
• The surgeon removes the tonsils and/or the adenoids with a series of incisions and then cauterizes (or seals) the blood vessels.

After an adenoidectomy, the patient will wake up in the recovery area. In most cases, the total time in the hospital is 5 to 10 hours. However, patients who have trouble breathing or show signs of bleeding will return immediately to the operating room. And kids under 3 years of age and those with chronic disease, such as seizure disorders or cerebral palsy, will usually stay overnight for observation.

After Surgery

The typical recuperation after a tonsillectomy and/or an adenoidectomy often involves a week or more of pain and discomfort due to the exposure of the throat muscles. Because the throat will be sore for a little bit, the person will probably prefer eating a lot of soft foods, like ice cream, pudding, and soups.

About a week after surgery, everything should return to normal. The cut area will be left to heal naturally, which means there are no stitches to worry about. There's a small chance any tissue that's left behind can swell, but it rarely causes new problems.

After surgery, symptoms typically disappear immediately unless there's a lot of swelling that could temporarily cause some symptoms to recur.

Understanding Enlarged Adenoids

It's important to remember that enlarged adenoids are normal in some people. If the adenoids aren't infected, a doctor may choose to wait to operate because the adenoids may eventually shrink on their own.

grammatical practice (pg 49)

ARTICLE

Definite article, ‘the’; indefinite, ‘a’, ‘an’ – determiner

Examples ;                      

PARA 1 – the, the, the, a, a, a, the, the, the, the

PARA 2 – the, the, an, the,                 

PARA 3 – the, an, the, the                  

PARA 4 – the

PARA 5 – the, a, the

VERB

A word showing the performance or occurrence of  action, the existence of a state or condition.

Examples ;                      

PARA 2 – generated, have, post, circulate, claimed,

PARA 3 – can, be, spreading, spreading, can, be, detected, has, been, done, damaged, make, operate,  using, realizing,

PARA 4 – theaten, engulf

PARA 5 – display, mutilation, features, site, overload, minds

PARA 6 – ignore, irresponsible

MODALS

i)            CONJUNCTION

A word showing the performance or occurrence of  action, the existence of a state or    

condition.

Examples ;

PARA 1 – and, and, and        

PARA 2 – however, and, that

PARA 3 – and, and, and

PARA 4 – which

PARA 5 – and, as, and

PARA 6 – and, but, for

ii)          adjective

A word giving information about a noun or pronoun. Other can be used with as nouns in 

informal conversation.

Examples ;

PARA 1 – redefined, smooth,fast, accessible,           

PARA 2 – large, irresponsible, incorrect, unidentified, Japanese, ailing,

PARA 3 – corpate, ever, number, never, safe, secret, capable, dangerous, which, after, young, difficult, expensive, individuals, involved,

PARA 5 – violence, rampant, explicit, material, both, adult, graphic

                         

iii)       adverb

A word giving information (how, when, where) about a verb, such as happily, today, well, 

as smile happily, come today, feel well.

Examples ;

PARA 1 – virtually, never, so

PARA 2 – however, move, that, possibly, so, this, when, that, by, out

PARA 3 – their, that, also, even, without,

PARA 5 – internet, certainly

iv)       nouns

A word (not a pronoun) which can function as the subject or object of a verb, or the object 

of preposition

Examples ;

PARA 1 – internet, mankind, communication, effect, information, computer         

PARA 2 – net, criticism, handle, need, organization, information, rumours, internet, example, source, giant, software, company, apple, computer,

PARA 3 – today, access, computers, data, users, increasing, passwords, hours, medicates, information, top, information, net, virus, damage, computers, turkey, south korea, talents, like, analyzer, governments, banks, internet, risks, commitment,

PARA 5 – internet, governments, Pornography, grave, parent, subject, Impact, pornography, material, affect, Mind, adults, youngster, justification, commission, Crimes, british, item, business, Mail, manager, uk, victims, information.

PARA 6 – net, mankind

punctuation

(the use of) the marks ,.;:?! In writing : punctuation marks.

Examples ;                      

PARA 1 – one’s

PARA 2 – ‘netizens’, one’s,

PARA 3 – ‘netizens’ Monday, 1999,          

PARA 6 – ‘information super highway’ ‘gutter of misinformation’ ‘playground for irresponsible individual’

pronoun

A word used in place of a noun or noun phrase, e.g. he, it, hers, me, them.

Examples ;                      

PARA 2 – move, that, it, which, who,

PARA 3 – working, their, which, it,

preposition

A word or group of words (e.g. from, in, to) often placed before a noun or pronoun to show place, direction, source, method.

Examples ;                      

PARA 1 – of, before, of

PARA 2 – so, by, via, of, to, out        

PARA 3 – of, to, with, with, to, on, besides, of, after, on, for, to,

PARA 4 – of, to

PARA 5 – a, on, of, of, of, in, in, if

PARA 6 – but, for, of, for, in

are you ready to be a nurse

i were almost finish my study in nursing..

i not really sure i can be a staff nurse soon ....

WHY,WHY,WHY.....

because a lot of thing i still do not know yet and a lot of thing i need to learn and practice.

otherwise, my knowledge is still poor.

for me.. senior/ old staff nurse are knowledgeble compare than new staff nurse..

maybe long time ago  theres lack of opportunities and facilities to study make them desire to learn hard by their own way.

but know,even many of facilities and opportunities that have been given and provided it still can help future student nurse to be excellent and knowledgeble

this things i always think in my mind.

is not easy to be a nurse.BUT..

i cannot return or look back because this journey is to long and need a lot of things to sacrifice.

this not my choice,this not my dream also,but this is other hope to see me succesful and have good future..

what ever happen ,

i must finish it and keep go on until the end.

so guys..what do you think..are yours same with me..

just share your opinion or comment..

10 things A nurses Doesn't to hear

We've all heard them.............those hackneyed phrases and dopey questions people often direct at nurses because they truly do not understand what we do.



1) "You're so smart, you should have gone to medical school." I AM smart---that's why I became a nurse instead of enduring 80-hour work weeks and giving up sleep for eight years.



2) "It must be great to be a nurse---you get to date all those sexy doctors!" And you, my friend, have been watching too much Grey's Anatomy. We barely have time to take care of our own bodily functions during work hours, let alone make out in the stairwell with somebody who's carrying around as many germs as we are. Yecccccch.



3) "Why don't nurses wear caps anymore?" Two words: infection control. They also look funny with SpongeBob scrubs and Crocs.



4) "Oh, looky there Mabel, that's a real stethoscope she's got on!" And gee whiz, she even knows how to use it!



5) "I bet you just LIVE to give shots (start IVs/insert catheters/perform any procedure that's painful and/or embarrassing)." Oh, sure, of course I get my jollies from causing pain---that's why I'm eking out an existence as a nurse rather than living la vida loca and working as a dominatrix.



6) "Nursing can't be that difficult. My niece is a nurse and she only had a C average in school." Further conversation reveals that the niece is really a home health aide, not even certified, who works for one elderly couple three mornings a week.



7) "The nurse at my doctor's office says........" Again with the mistaken assumption that anyone in scrubs a) is a nurse, and b) knows more than the person who's taking care of you at this particular moment. The medical assistant at your doctor's office, however capable she may be, is not a nurse. Neither is the receptionist at the front desk, the tech who takes your vital signs, or the phlebotomist who draws blood for your lab work. They are all vital members of the health care team and they have challenging jobs in their own right; but unless their name tag says RN or LPN, they aren't nurses.



8) "I bet you make a lot of money." Yep, I'm all set to retire at 55 and head to the south of France. Know any more jokes??



9) "My call light's been on for 45 minutes---where were you, on the computer at the nurses' station?" Absolutely! And while I was at it, I Googled myself and my family just for the heck of it, bought a treadmill on eBay, played solitaire, and checked in at Allnurses. ARRRRGGGGGHHHHH!!



And finally, here's one of the most irritating statements of all: "Nurses are angels in white." It's sentimental nonsense rooted in the way-back days when nurses were little more than servants to the physician. First of all, many of us haven't worn white since nursing school and wouldn't be caught dead in it. Besides, most of us prefer to be considered professionals, not mythical beings who, even if they do exist, undoubtedly don't drink, smoke, swear, flip the bird at their manager's closed door when nobody's looking, talk trash about their co-workers, call doctors nasty names in the break room, or go home after a bad shift and growl at the family. Nurses have been known to do all of these things. We're human.



Now, aren't you glad we cleared the air?